Fm: F Minor Piano Chord

Root position: either hand, fingers low note to high
Hand	Notes	Fingers
Right	F, A♭, C	1-3-5
Left	F, A♭, C	5-3-1

Scale degree, note, and interval measured from the root.
Degree	Note	Interval from root	Semitones
1	F	Perfect unison	0
♭3	A♭	Minor third	3
5	C	Perfect fifth	7

Construction

F Minor = Root + Minor 3rd + Perfect 5th = F, A♭, C

Note	Interval	Degree
F	Root	1
A♭	Minor 3rd	♭3
C	Perfect 5th	5

Fingering

Note	Key color	Right hand	Left hand
F	white	thumb (1)	little finger (5)
A♭	black	middle finger (3)	middle finger (3)
C	white	little finger (5)	thumb (1)

Right hand: thumb (1) on F, middle finger (3) on A♭, little finger (5) on C.

Left hand: little finger (5) on F, middle finger (3) on A♭, thumb (1) on C.

F Minor Inversions

Root position
F – A♭ – C
1st inversion (Fm/A♭)
A♭ – C – F
2nd inversion (Fm/C)
C – F – A♭

Key Signature

A chord has no key signature of its own, but the F Minor is the tonic (i) chord of F Minor, which shares the signature of its relative major, A♭ Major: 4 flats (B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭).

B♭E♭A♭D♭

Order of flats

Flats are added in a fixed order — the reverse of the sharp order. Each new flat key adds the next flat on the list.

B♭E♭A♭D♭G♭C♭F♭

Mnemonic: Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles’ Father

Chords in the Key of F Minor

These are the triads built on each degree of F Minor:

i — F Minor (minor)

Degree	Numeral	Chord	Quality
1	i	F Minor	Minor
2	ii°	G Diminished	Diminished
3	III	A♭ Major	Major
4	iv	B♭ Minor	Minor
5	v	C Minor	Minor
6	VI	D♭ Major	Major
7	VII	E♭ Major	Major

How F Minor functions in a key

The same chord takes on a different harmonic role depending on the key it appears in. Here is where F Minor sits diatonically across the common keys:

In A♭ major, F Minor is the vi chord — the tonic.
In F minor, F Minor is the i chord — the tonic.
In E♭ major, F Minor is the ii chord — a predominant.
In C minor, F Minor is the iv chord — a predominant.
In D♭ major, F Minor is the iii chord — a mediant / color chord.
In B♭ minor, F Minor is the v chord.

Scales That Include the F Minor

Db Major (iii)
Ab Major (vi)
Eb Major (ii)
C Minor (iv)
F Minor (i)
Bb Minor (v)
Eb Dorian (ii)
F Phrygian (i)

F Minor : Frequently Asked Questions

What notes are in Fm?

Fm contains F, A♭ and C. The formula is 1, ♭3, 5.

How do you play Fm on piano?

Play F, A♭ and C together. Right hand fingers 1, 3, 5; left hand 5, 3, 1. A♭ is a black key; F and C are white.

What are the inversions of Fm?

3 positions: root position F A♭ C, Fm/A♭, Fm/C.

What keys contain Fm?

6: iv in C minor, iii in D♭ major, ii in E♭ major, i in F minor, vi in A♭ major, v in B♭ minor.

What is the difference between Fm and Fm7?

Adds E♭. 3 of the notes are shared.

What is an easy Fm for small hands?

The root and third only voicing, F3 A♭3, spans 3 semitones or about 41 mm.

What are the frequencies of Fm?

From F3 at A440 in 12-TET: 174.61, 207.65, 261.63 Hz.

What is the set class of Fm?

Prime form (037), Forte 3-11, interval vector <001110>.

How do I transpose Fm to another key?

Keep the 1, ♭3, 5 formula on the new root. Cm is C, E♭, G; C♯m is C♯, E, G♯.

F Minor in detail

Exact

Every pitch class is present and nothing outside the chord is added.

Type	Notes	Semitones	Span	Omissions and additions	Set relation
Close, root position	F3 A♭3 C4	7	96 mm	none	identical
Close, first inversion	A♭3 C4 F4	9	124 mm	none	identical
Close, second inversion	C4 F4 A♭4	8	110 mm	none	identical
Open, fifth on top	F2 C3 A♭3	15	206 mm	none	identical

Reduced

A subset of the pitch classes: the identity is incomplete rather than altered.

Type	Notes	Semitones	Span	Omissions and additions	Set relation	Fit
Root and third only	F3 A♭3	3	41 mm	omits C	subset

Spans are measured centre to centre at a 165 mm octave (standard keyboard geometry).

Position	Bass note	Notes in order	Figured bass	Semitones	Span
Root position	F	F3, A♭3, C4	5/3	7	96 mm
First inversion: Fm/A♭	A♭	A♭3, C4, F4	6/3	9	124 mm
Second inversion: Fm/C	C	C4, F4, A♭4	6/4	8	110 mm

One position per chord tone in the bass. Spans are for close position: voiced inversions appear under Voicings.

Progression	Key	Role	Sequence	Voice leading
iv, v, i	C minor	iv	Fm to Gm to Cm	Fm opens the phrase
i, iv	C minor	iv	Cm to Fm	1 tone held from Cm
iii, vi, ii, V	D♭ major	iii	Fm to B♭m to E♭m to A♭	Fm opens the phrase
I, iii	D♭ major	iii	D♭ to Fm	2 tones held from D♭
ii, V, I	E♭ major	ii	Fm to B♭ to E♭	Fm opens the phrase
ii°, v, i	F minor	i	Gdim to Cm to Fm	1 tone held from Cm
iv, i	F minor	i	B♭m to Fm	1 tone held from B♭m
i, ♭VI, ii°, v	F minor	i	Fm to D♭ to Gdim to Cm	Fm opens the phrase

Root motion, common tones and voice displacement are computed from pitch class sets. Roman numerals follow common practice functional harmony.

Which keys it belongs to

Key	Roman numeral	Function
C minor	iv	Subdominant
D♭ major	iii	Tonic substitute
E♭ major	ii	Predominant
F minor	i	Tonic, home
A♭ major	vi	Tonic substitute
B♭ minor	v	Minor dominant

Classification system: common-practice functional harmony.

Change one note

Chords a single note away, and what moving that note does.

Chord	Change	Formula	Common tones
Fm7	adds E♭	1 ♭3 5 ♭7	3
FmMaj7	adds E	1 ♭3 5 7	3
Fm6	adds D	1 ♭3 5 6	3
F	A♭ becomes A	1 3 5	2
Fdim	C becomes C♭	1 ♭3 ♭5	2
Fsus2	A♭ becomes G	1 2 5	2
Fsus4	A♭ becomes B♭	1 4 5	2
Fmaj7	A♭ becomes A, E	1 3 5 7	2
F7	A♭ becomes A, E♭	1 3 5 ♭7	2
Fm7♭5	C becomes C♭, E♭	1 ♭3 ♭5 ♭7	2
Fdim7	C becomes C♭, E♭♭	1 ♭3 ♭5 ♭♭7	2
F7sus4	A♭ becomes B♭, E♭	1 4 5 ♭7	2

Frequencies

Note	MIDI	Frequency
F3	53	174.61 Hz
A♭3	56	207.65 Hz
C4	60	261.63 Hz

Reference pitch A440, 12-TET, close root position.

Set theory: prime form, Forte number, interval vector

Absolute pitch class set: {5, 8, 0}
Normal order: [5, 8, 0]
Prime form: (037)
Forte number: 3-11
Interval vector: <001110>

Pair	Interval	Semitones	Interval class
F to A♭	Minor third	3	3
F to C	Perfect fifth	7	5
A♭ to C	Major third	4	4

Where these facts come from

Every value on this page is derived from the note formula for a minor applied to the root F, using standard music theory. Nothing here is hand-entered per chord, so the notes, intervals, inversions and frequencies cannot drift out of agreement with each other. Pitches assume 12-TET at A440.

F Minor

Fingerings

F Minor: notes and degrees